Technical Principles:Aperture

The aperture controls the amount of light that reaches a digital camera sensor. An aperture acts much like the pupil of an eye. It opens wider as light decreases to let in more available light. It gets smaller when light increases to reduce the amount of light entering the eye.

The combination of aperture and shutter speed are related, and effect the exposure value. The faster the shutter speed, the larger the opening of the lens and visa versa.

F-stops

The diameter of an aperture is measured in f-stops. A lower f-stop number opens the aperture and admits more light onto the camera sensor. Higher f-stop numbers make the camera’s aperture smaller so less light hits the sensor.

When an aperture is opened up by one f- stop, the amount of light which reaches the sensor is doubled. F-stops are expressed in three different ways: f/8, f-8, and 1:8.

Aperture settings can be used creatively to control depth of field, how much of a photo is sharp in front and back of where you focus on the main subject.

Technical Principles:-Angle Of View

In photography, angle of view describes the angular extent of a given scene that is imaged by a camera. It is used interchangeably with the more general term field of view.

It is important to distinguish the angle of view from the angle of coverage, which describes the angle of projection by the lens onto the focal plane. For most cameras, it may be assumed that the image circle produced by the lens is large enough to cover the film or sensor completely. If the angle of view exceeds the angle of coverage, however, then vignetting will be present in the resulting photograph.

INTRODUCTION

PHOTOGRAPHY

Photography is a unique and creative medium of self-expression. It is an art form requiring aesthetic sense as well as technical expertise. A hobby that can be made profitable by going professional by the talented.

With the explosion of the communication network, the growth of advertising and media and the fashion boom, and digital photography, it has now become a profession with great commercial value. Photos are an essential part in both print and electronic media. So this is an area offering great scope for those who have an interest and attributes needed to be a professional.Being a creative medium, photography requires more of inherent talent for success than formal training. However training hones the inherent skills and help to shine in this competitive field with various specializations like portraiture, fashion and advertising photography, journalistic photography, wildlife and outdoors photography etc. Creating a commercial quality photograph requires the skill for choosing and presenting a subject in a way to achieve the maximum effect with the appropriate equipment. One should have a definite know how of the angle, lighting and the latest equipments and technology to make a name in the field


SOME NOTES:-The word "photograph" was coined in 1839 by Sir John Herschel and is based on the Greek φῶς (photos) "light" and γραφή (graphé) "representation by means of lines" or "drawing", together meaning "drawing with light". Traditionally, the products of photography have been called negatives and photographs, commonly shortened to photos. (source:-Wikipedia) 

TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHY:-

• Aviation photography
• Architectural photography
• Candid photography
• Cloudscape photography
• Digiscoping
• Documentary photography
• Erotic photography
• Fashion photography
• Fine art photography
• Fire photography
• Food photography
• Forensic photography
• Glamour photography
• Head shot
• Landscape art
• Landscape photography
• Miksang (contemplative photography)
• Nature photography
• Wedding photography
• Special occasion photography
• Social photography
• Nude photography
• Old-time photography
• Photojournalism
• Portrait photography
• Sports photography
• Still life photography
• Stock photography
• Street photography
• Travel photography
• Underwater photography
• Vernacular photography
• VR photography
• War photography
• Wedding photography
• Wildlife photography
• Aerial Photography
• Afocal photography
• Astrophotography
• Full spectrum photography
• High speed photography
• Infrared photography
• Kinetic photography
• Kite aerial photography
• Macro photography
• Micrography, or Photomicrography
• Monochrome Photography
• Night photograpy
• Panoramic photography
• Rephotography
• Rollout photography
• Schlieren photography
• Ultraviolet photography

Timeline of photography technology
 

• 1822 – Nicéphore Niépce takes the first fixed, permanent photograph, of an engraving of Pope Pius VII, using a non-lens contact-printing "heliographic process", but it was destroyed later; the earliest surviving example is from 1825.
• 1826 – NicéphoreNiépce takes the first fixed, permanent photograph from nature, a landscape that required an eight hour exposure.
• 1835 – William Fox Talbot creates his own photography process.
• 1839 – Louis Daguerre patents the daguerreotype.
• 1839 – William Fox Talbot invented the positive / negative process widely used in modern photography. He refers to this as photogenic drawing.
• 1839 – John Herschel demonstrates hyposulfite of soda (also known as hypo, or sodium thiosulfate) as a fixer, and makes the first glass negative.
• 1851 – Introduction of the collodion process by Frederick Scott Archer.
• 1854 – André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri credited with introduction of the carte de visite (French "visiting card"). Disdéri introduced a rotating camera which could reproduce eight individually exposed images on a single negative. After printing on albumen paper, the images were cut apart and glued to calling card-sized mounts. These tiny portraits were left by visiting friends, which inspired the name carte de visite.
• 1861 – The first color photograph, an additive projected image of a tartan ribbon, is shown by James Clerk Maxwell.
• 1868 – Louis Ducos du Hauron patents a method of subtractive color photography.
• 1871 – The gelatin emulsion is invented by Richard Maddox.
• 1876 – F. Hurter & V. C. Driffield begin systematic evaluation of sensitivity characteristics of photographic emulsions – science of sensitometry.
• 1878 – Eadweard Muybridge made a high-speed photographic demonstration of a moving horse, airborne during a trot, using a trip-wire system.
• 1887 – Celluloid film base introduced.
• 1888 – Kodak n°1 box camera is mass marketed; first easy-to-use camera.
• 1887 – Gabriel Lippmann invents a "method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference".
• 1891 – Thomas Edison patents the "kinetoscopic camera" (motion pictures).
• 1895 – Auguste and Louis Lumière – Invented the cinématographe.
• 1898 – Kodak introduced their Folding Pocket Kodak.
• 1900 – Kodak introduced their first Brownie.
• 1901 – Kodak introduced the 120 film.
• 1902 – Arthur Korn devises practical phototelegraphy technology (reduction of photographic images to signals that can be transmitted by wire to other locations); Wire-Photos in wide use in Europe by 1910, and transmitted intercontinentally by 1922.
• 1907 – The Autochrome Lumière is the first color photography process marketed.
• 1908 – Kinemacolor, a two-color process that is the first commercial "natural color" system for movies, is introduced.
• 1909 – Kodak introduces a 35 mm "safety" motion picture film on an acetate base as an alternative to the highly flammable nitrate base. The motion picture industry discontinues its use after 1911 due to technical imperfections.
• 1912 – Vest Pocket Kodak using 127 film.
• 1912 – Kodak introduces the 22 mm amateur motion picture format, a "safety" stock on acetate base.
• 1913 – Kodak makes 35 mm panchromatic motion picture film available on a bulk special order basis.
• 1914 – Kodak introduced the Autographic film system.
• 1914 – The World, the Flesh and the Devil, the first dramatic feature film in color (Kinemacolor), is released.
• 1920s – Yasujiro Niwa invented a device for phototelegraphic transmission through cable and later via radio.
• 1922 – Kodak makes 35 mm panchromatic motion picture film available as a regular stock.
• 1922 – Kodak introduces 16 mm reversal film, on cellulose acetate (safety) base.
• 1923 – Doc Harold Edgerton invents the xenon flash lamp and strobe photography.
• 1925 – The Leica introduced the 35mm format to still photography.
• 1926 – Kodak introduces its 35 mm Motion Picture Duplicating Film for duplicate negatives. Previously, motion picture studios used a second camera alongside the primary camera to create a duplicate negative.
• 1932 – The first full-color movie, the cartoon Flowers and Trees, is made in Technicolor by Disney.
• 1932 – First 8 mm amateur motion-picture film, cameras, and projectors are introduced by Kodak.
• 1934 – The 135 film cartridge was introduced, making 35mm easy to use.
• 1935 – Becky Sharp, the first feature film made in full color (Technicolor), is released.
• 1936 – Introduction by IHAGEE of the Ihagee Kine Exakta 1, the first 35mm. Single Lens reflex camera.
• 1936 – Development of Kodachrome multi-layered reversal color film.
• 1937 – Agfacolor-Neu reversal color film.
• 1939 – Agfacolor negative-positive color material, the first modern "print" film.
• 1939 – The View-Master stereo viewer is introduced.
• 1942 – Kodacolor, Kodak's first "print" film.
• 1947 – Dennis Gabor invents holography.
• 1947 – Edgerton develops the Rapatronic camera for the U.S. government.
• 1948 – The Hasselbla camera was introduced.
• 1948 – Edwin H. Land introduces the first Polaroid instant image camera.
• 1952 – The 3-D film craze begins.
• 1954 – Leica M Introduced

• 1957 – First Asahi Pentax SLR introduced.
• 1957 – First digital image produced on a computer by Russell Kirsch at U.S. National Bureau of Standards (now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology, or NIST).
• 1959 – Nikon F introduced.
• 1959 – AGFA introduces the first fully automatic camera, the Optima.
• 1963 – Kodak introduces the Instamatic.
• 1964 – First Pentax Spotmatic SLR introduced.
• 1973 – Fairchild Semiconductor releases the first large image forming CCD chip; 100 rows and 100 columns.
• 1975 – Bryce Bayer of Kodak develops the Bayer filter mosaic pattern for CCD color image sensors.
• 1986 – Kodak scientists invent the world's first megapixel sensor.
• 2005 – AgfaPhoto files for bankruptcy. Production of Agfa brand consumer films ends.
• 2006 – Dalsa produces 111 megapixel CCD sensor, the highest resolution at its time.
• 2008 – Polaroid announces it is discontinuing the production of all instant film products, citing the rise of digital imaging technology.
• 2009 - Kodak announces the discontinuance of Kodachrome film.